Answer :
Final answer:
In the PA axial projection (Caldwell view), the central ray is directed cephalad at a 15-degree angle to the OML. This projection is often used to visualize the skull, hence correct answer is 2. PA axial projection (Caldwell view).
Explanation:
The position that demonstrates the apophyseal joints closest to the IR is the PA axial projection (Caldwell view). In this projection, the patient is positioned with the occipital bone touching the image receptor (IR), which allows visualization of the apophyseal joints of the cervical spine. The central ray is directed 15 degrees caudad to project through the foramen magnum and the apophyseal joints.
This view is commonly used for assessing the upper cervical spine and detecting any abnormalities or fractures. Remember, the Caldwell view is a posterior-to-anterior projection. The reason the apophyseal joints may be visualized in the PA axial projection is that the central ray is directed upward through the cervical spine, and the open intervertebral spaces allow for a clear visualization of the apophyseal joints.