Answer :
The density-dependent factors other than the predator/prey relationship that affected the populations of moose and wolves on Isle Royale include resource availability (food and habitat), disease, and competition.
1. Resource Availability: As moose and wolves populations increase or decrease, the availability of food and habitat affects their population size. An abundance of food resources can support a larger population, while limited resources may result in decreased growth rates.
2. Disease: Diseases can spread more easily in dense populations, leading to a decline in the affected species. For example, in the case of Isle Royale, the moose population was impacted by diseases such as arthritis and tick-borne diseases, which could contribute to their population decline.
3. Competition: High population densities increase competition among individuals for limited resources such as food and habitat. This competition can lead to decreased reproductive rates and increased mortality, ultimately affecting the population size of both moose and wolves on Isle Royale.
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